// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later

#ifndef EXIV2_INCLUDE_SLICE_HPP
#define EXIV2_INCLUDE_SLICE_HPP

#include <cassert>
#include <cstddef>
#include <iterator>
#include <stdexcept>

namespace Exiv2 {
namespace Internal {
/*!
 * Common base class of all slice implementations.
 *
 * Implements only the most basic functions, which do not require any
 * knowledge about the stored data.
 */
struct SliceBase {
  inline SliceBase(size_t begin, size_t end) : begin_(begin), end_(end) {
    if (begin >= end) {
      throw std::out_of_range("Begin must be smaller than end");
    }
  }

  /*!
   * Return the number of elements in the slice.
   */
  [[nodiscard]] inline size_t size() const noexcept {
    // cannot underflow, as we know that begin < end
    return end_ - begin_;
  }

 protected:
  /*!
   * Throw an exception when index is too large.
   *
   * @throw std::out_of_range when `index` will access an element
   * outside of the slice
   */
  inline void rangeCheck(size_t index) const {
    if (index >= size()) {
      throw std::out_of_range("Index outside of the slice");
    }
  }

  /*!
   * lower and upper bounds of the slice with respect to the
   * container/array stored in storage_
   */
  size_t begin_;
  size_t end_;
};

/*!
 * @brief This class provides the public-facing const-qualified methods
 * of a slice.
 *
 * The public methods are implemented in a generic fashion using a
 * storage_type. This type contains the actual reference to the data to
 * which the slice points and provides the following methods:
 *
 * - (const) value_type& unsafeAt(size_t index) (const)
 *   Return the value at the given index of the underlying container,
 *   without promising to perform a range check and without any
 *   knowledge of the slices' size
 *
 * - const_iterator/iterator unsafeGetIteratorAt(size_t index) (const)
 *   Return a (constant) iterator at the given index of the underlying
 *   container. Again, no range checks are promised.
 *
 * - Constructor(data_type& data, size_t begin, size_t end)
 *   Can use `begin` & `end` to perform range checks on `data`, but
 *   should not store both values. Must not take ownership of `data`!
 *
 * - Must save data as a public member named `data_`.
 *
 * - Must provide appropriate typedefs for iterator, const_iterator and
 *   value_type
 */
template <template <typename data_type> class storage_type, typename data_type>
struct ConstSliceBase : SliceBase {
  using iterator = typename storage_type<data_type>::iterator;
  using const_iterator = typename storage_type<data_type>::const_iterator;
  using value_type = typename storage_type<data_type>::value_type;

  /*!
   * Default constructor, requires begin to be smaller than end,
   * otherwise an exception is thrown. Also forwards all parameters to
   * the constructor of storage_
   */
  ConstSliceBase(data_type& data, size_t begin, size_t end) : SliceBase(begin, end), storage_(data, begin, end) {
  }

  /*!
   * Obtain a constant reference to the element with the specified
   * index in the slice.
   *
   * @throw std::out_of_range when index is out of bounds of the slice
   */
  const value_type& at(size_t index) const {
    rangeCheck(index);
    // we know: begin_ < end <= size() <= SIZE_T_MAX
    // and: index < end - begin
    // thus: index + begin < end <= SIZE_T_MAX
    // => no overflow is possible
    return storage_.unsafeAt(begin_ + index);
  }

  /*!
   * Obtain a constant iterator to the first element in the slice.
   */
  [[nodiscard]] const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept {
    return storage_.unsafeGetIteratorAt(begin_);
  }

  /*!
   * Obtain a constant iterator to the first beyond the slice.
   */
  [[nodiscard]] const_iterator cend() const noexcept {
    return storage_.unsafeGetIteratorAt(end_);
  }

  /*!
   * Create a constant sub-slice with the given bounds (with respect
   * to the current slice).
   *
   * @tparam slice_type  Type of the slice that this function shall
   * return. Provide it with the type of the class that derives from
   * mutable_slice_base.
   */
  template <typename slice_type>
  [[nodiscard]] slice_type subSlice(size_t begin, size_t end) const {
    this->rangeCheck(begin);
    // end == size() is a legal value, since end is the first
    // element beyond the slice
    // end == 0 is not a legal value (subtraction will underflow and
    // throw an exception)
    this->rangeCheck(end - 1);
    // additions are safe, begin and end are smaller than size()
    const size_t new_begin = begin + this->begin_;
    const size_t new_end = this->begin_ + end;
    if (new_end > this->end_) {
      throw std::out_of_range("Invalid input parameters to slice");
    }
    return slice_type(storage_.data_, new_begin, new_end);
  }

 protected:
  /*!
   * Stores a reference to the actual data.
   */
  storage_type<data_type> storage_;
};

/*!
 * This class provides all public-facing non-const-qualified methods of
 * slices. It only re-implements the const-qualified versions as
 * non-const.
 */
template <template <typename> class storage_type, typename data_type>
struct MutableSliceBase : public ConstSliceBase<storage_type, data_type> {
  using ConstSliceBase<storage_type, data_type>::ConstSliceBase;
  using iterator = typename ConstSliceBase<storage_type, data_type>::iterator;
  using const_iterator = typename ConstSliceBase<storage_type, data_type>::const_iterator;
  using value_type = typename ConstSliceBase<storage_type, data_type>::value_type;

  /*!
   * Obtain a reference to the element with the specified index in the
   * slice.
   *
   * @throw std::out_of_range when index is out of bounds of the slice
   */
  value_type& at(size_t index) {
    this->rangeCheck(index);
    return this->storage_.unsafeAt(this->begin_ + index);
  }

  const value_type& at(size_t index) const {
    return base_type::at(index);
  }

  /*!
   * Obtain an iterator to the first element in the slice.
   */
  iterator begin() noexcept {
    return this->storage_.unsafeGetIteratorAt(this->begin_);
  }

  /*!
   * Obtain an iterator to the first element beyond the slice.
   */
  iterator end() noexcept {
    return this->storage_.unsafeGetIteratorAt(this->end_);
  }

 protected:
  /*!
   * Explicitly convert this instance into a base-class of the
   * appropriate constant version of this slice.
   *
   * This function is required to properly implement the `subSlice()
   * const` function for mutable slices. The problem here is, that a
   * slice<T> and a slice<const T> actually don't share the same base
   * class `ConstSliceBase<storage_type, T>`. Instead `slice<T>`
   * inherits from `ConstSliceBase<storage_type, T>` and `slice<const
   * T>` inherits from `ConstSliceBase<storage_type, const T>`.
   *
   * Now, `slice<T>` can call the `subSlice() const` method from its
   * base class, but that will return a mutable `slice<T>`! Instead we
   * use this function to convert the ``slice<T>` into the parent of
   * the appropriate `slice<const T>` and call its `subSlice() const`,
   * which returns the correct type.
   */
  [[nodiscard]] ConstSliceBase<storage_type, const data_type> to_const_base() const noexcept {
    return {this->storage_.data_, this->begin_, this->end_};
  }

  using base_type = ConstSliceBase<storage_type, data_type>;

  /*!
   * Create a mutable sub-slice with the given bounds (with respect to
   * the current slice).
   *
   * @tparam slice_type  Type of the slice that this function shall
   * return. Provide it with the type of the class that derives from
   * mutable_slice_base.
   */
  template <typename slice_type>
  slice_type subSlice(size_t begin, size_t end) {
    this->rangeCheck(begin);
    // end == size() is a legal value, since end is the first
    // element beyond the slice
    // end == 0 is not a legal value (subtraction will underflow and
    // throw an exception)
    this->rangeCheck(end - 1);

    // additions are safe, begin & end are smaller than size()
    const size_t new_begin = begin + this->begin_;
    const size_t new_end = this->begin_ + end;
    if (new_end > this->end_) {
      throw std::out_of_range("Invalid input parameters to slice");
    }
    return slice_type(this->storage_.data_, new_begin, new_end);
  }
};

/*!
 * Implementation of the storage concept for STL-containers.
 *
 * @tparam container  Type of the STL-container.
 */
template <typename container>
struct ContainerStorage {
  using iterator = typename container::iterator;
  using const_iterator = typename container::const_iterator;

#if __cplusplus >= 201402L || (defined(_MSVC_LANG) && (_MSVC_LANG >= 201402L))
  using value_type = std::remove_cv_t<typename container::value_type>;
#else
  using value_type = typename std::remove_cv<typename container::value_type>::type;
#endif

  /*!
   * @throw std::out_of_range when end is larger than the container's
   * size.
   */
  ContainerStorage(container& data, size_t /* begin*/, size_t end) : data_(data) {
    if (end > data.size()) {
      throw std::out_of_range("Invalid input parameters to slice");
    }
  }

  /*!
   * Obtain a constant reference to the element with the given `index`
   * in the container.
   *
   * @throw whatever container::at() throws
   */
  [[nodiscard]] const value_type& unsafeAt(size_t index) const {
    return data_.at(index);
  }

  [[nodiscard]] value_type& unsafeAt(size_t index) {
    return data_.at(index);
  }

  /*!
   * Obtain an iterator at the position of the element with the given
   * index in the container.
   *
   * @throw whatever container::begin() and std::advance() throw
   */
  [[nodiscard]] iterator unsafeGetIteratorAt(size_t index) {
    // we are screwed if the container got changed => try to catch it
    assert(index <= data_.size());

    auto it = data_.begin();
    std::advance(it, index);
    return it;
  }

  [[nodiscard]] const_iterator unsafeGetIteratorAt(size_t index) const {
    assert(index <= data_.size());

    auto it = data_.begin();
    std::advance(it, index);
    return it;
  }

  container& data_;
};

/*!
 * @brief Implementation of the storage concept for slices of C arrays.
 *
 * @tparam storage_type  Type as which the C-array should be stored. Use
 * this parameter to save constant arrays as `const` and mutable ones as
 * non-`const`.
 */
template <typename storage_type>
struct PtrSliceStorage {
#if __cplusplus >= 201402L || (defined(_MSVC_LANG) && (_MSVC_LANG >= 201402L))
  using value_type = std::remove_cv_t<std::remove_pointer_t<storage_type>>;
#else
  using value_type = typename std::remove_cv<typename std::remove_pointer<storage_type>::type>::type;
#endif
  using iterator = value_type*;
  using const_iterator = const value_type*;

  /*!
   * Stores ptr and checks that it is not `NULL`. The slice's bounds
   * are ignored, as we do not know the array's length.
   *
   * @throw std::invalid_argument when ptr is `NULL`
   */
  PtrSliceStorage(storage_type ptr, size_t /*begin*/, size_t /*end*/) : data_(ptr) {
    if (!ptr) {
      throw std::invalid_argument("Null pointer passed to slice constructor");
    }
  }

  /*!
   * Obtain a reference to the element with the given `index` in the
   * array.
   *
   * @throw nothing
   */
  [[nodiscard]] value_type& unsafeAt(size_t index) noexcept {
    return data_[index];
  }

  [[nodiscard]] const value_type& unsafeAt(size_t index) const noexcept {
    return data_[index];
  }

  /*!
   * Obtain an iterator (=pointer) at the position of the element with
   * the given index in the container.
   *
   * @throw nothing
   */
  [[nodiscard]] iterator unsafeGetIteratorAt(size_t index) noexcept {
    return data_ + index;
  }

  [[nodiscard]] const_iterator unsafeGetIteratorAt(size_t index) const noexcept {
    return data_ + index;
  }

  storage_type data_;
};

}  // namespace Internal

/*!
 * @brief Slice (= view) for STL containers.
 *
 * This is a very simple implementation of slices (i.e. views of sub-arrays)
 * for STL containers that support O(1) element access and random access
 * iterators (like std::vector, std::array and std::string).
 *
 * A slice represents the semi-open interval [begin, end) and provides a
 * (mutable) view, it does however not own the data! It can be used to
 * conveniently pass parts of containers into functions without having to use
 * iterators or offsets.
 *
 * In contrast to C++20's std::span<T> it is impossible to read beyond the
 * container's bounds and unchecked access is not-possible (by design).
 *
 * Example usage:
 * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~{.cpp}
 * std::vector<int> vec = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4};
 * slice<std::vector<int> > one_two(vec, 1, 3);
 * assert(one_two.size() == 2);
 * assert(one_two.at(0) == 1 && one_two.at(1) == 2);
 * // mutate the contents:
 * one_two.at(0) *= 2;
 * one_two.at(1) *= 3;
 * assert(one_two.at(0) == 2 && one_two.at(1) == 6);
 * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 *
 * Slices also offer access via iterators of the same type as the underlying
 * container, so that they can be used in a comparable fashion:
 * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~{.cpp}
 * std::vector<int> vec = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4};
 * slice<std::vector<int>> three_four(vec, 3, 5);
 * assert(*three_four.begin() == 3 && *three_four.end() == 4);
 * // this prints:
 * // 3
 * // 4
 * for (const auto & elem : three_four) {
 *     std::cout << elem << std::endl;
 * }
 * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 *
 * @tparam container A STL container type, like vector or array. Must support
 * array-like access via the `at()` method.
 */
template <typename container>
struct Slice : public Internal::MutableSliceBase<Internal::ContainerStorage, container> {
  using Internal::MutableSliceBase<Internal::ContainerStorage, container>::MutableSliceBase;
  using iterator = typename container::iterator;
  using const_iterator = typename container::const_iterator;

#if __cplusplus >= 201402L || (defined(_MSVC_LANG) && (_MSVC_LANG >= 201402L))
  using value_type = std::remove_cv_t<typename container::value_type>;
#else
  using value_type = typename std::remove_cv<typename container::value_type>::type;
#endif

  /*!
   * Construct a sub-slice of this slice with the given bounds. The bounds
   * are evaluated with respect to the current slice.
   *
   * @param[in] begin  First element in the new slice.
   * @param[in] end  First element beyond the new slice.
   *
   * @throw std::out_of_range when begin or end are invalid
   */
  Slice subSlice(size_t begin, size_t end) {
    return Internal::MutableSliceBase<Internal::ContainerStorage, container>::template subSlice<Slice>(begin, end);
  }

  /*!
   * Constructs a new constant subSlice. Behaves otherwise exactly like
   * the non-const version.
   */
  [[nodiscard]] Slice<const container> subSlice(size_t begin, size_t end) const {
    return this->to_const_base().template subSlice<Slice<const container>>(begin, end);
  }
};

/*!
 * @brief Specialization of slices for constant containers.
 */
template <typename container>
struct Slice<const container> : public Internal::ConstSliceBase<Internal::ContainerStorage, const container> {
  using Internal::ConstSliceBase<Internal::ContainerStorage, const container>::ConstSliceBase;
  using iterator = typename container::iterator;
  using const_iterator = typename container::const_iterator;

#if __cplusplus >= 201402L || (defined(_MSVC_LANG) && (_MSVC_LANG >= 201402L))
  using value_type = std::remove_cv_t<typename container::value_type>;
#else
  using value_type = typename std::remove_cv<typename container::value_type>::type;
#endif

  Slice subSlice(size_t begin, size_t end) const {
    return Internal::ConstSliceBase<Internal::ContainerStorage,
                                    const container>::template subSlice<Slice<const container>>(begin, end);
  }
};

/*!
 * Specialization of slices for constant C-arrays.
 *
 * These have exactly the same interface as the slices for STL-containers,
 * with the *crucial* exception, that the slice's constructor *cannot* make
 * a proper bounds check! It can only verify that you didn't accidentally
 * swap begin and end!
 */
template <typename T>
struct Slice<const T*> : public Internal::ConstSliceBase<Internal::PtrSliceStorage, const T*> {
  /*!
   * Constructor.
   *
   * @param[in] ptr  C-array of which a slice should be constructed. Must
   *     not be a null pointer.
   * @param[in] begin  Index of the first element in the slice.
   * @param[in] end  Index of the first element that is no longer in the
   *     slice.
   *
   * Please note that the constructor has no way how to verify that
   * `begin` and `end` are not out of bounds of the provided array!
   */
  Slice(const T* ptr, size_t begin, size_t end) :
      Internal::ConstSliceBase<Internal::PtrSliceStorage, const T*>(ptr, begin, end) {
    // TODO: use using in C++11
  }

  Slice<const T*> subSlice(size_t begin, size_t end) const {
    return Internal::ConstSliceBase<Internal::PtrSliceStorage, const T*>::template subSlice<Slice<const T*>>(begin,
                                                                                                             end);
  }
};

/*!
 * Specialization of slices for (mutable) C-arrays.
 */
template <typename T>
struct Slice<T*> : public Internal::MutableSliceBase<Internal::PtrSliceStorage, T*> {
  Slice(T* ptr, size_t begin, size_t end) : Internal::MutableSliceBase<Internal::PtrSliceStorage, T*>(ptr, begin, end) {
    // TODO: use using in C++11
  }

  Slice<T*> subSlice(size_t begin, size_t end) {
    return Internal::MutableSliceBase<Internal::PtrSliceStorage, T*>::template subSlice<Slice<T*>>(begin, end);
  }

  [[nodiscard]] Slice<const T*> subSlice(size_t begin, size_t end) const {
    return this->to_const_base().template subSlice<Slice<const T*>>(begin, end);
  }
};

/*!
 * @brief Return a new slice with the given bounds.
 *
 * Convenience wrapper around the slice's constructor for automatic template
 * parameter deduction.
 */
template <typename T>
inline Slice<T> makeSlice(T& cont, size_t begin, size_t end) {
  return Slice<T>(cont, begin, end);
}

/*!
 * Overload of makeSlice for slices of C-arrays.
 */
template <typename T>
inline Slice<T*> makeSlice(T* ptr, size_t begin, size_t end) {
  return Slice<T*>(ptr, begin, end);
}

/*!
 * @brief Return a new slice spanning the whole container.
 */
template <typename container>
inline Slice<container> makeSlice(container& cont) {
  return Slice<container>(cont, 0, cont.size());
}

/*!
 * @brief Return a new slice spanning from begin until the end of the
 * container.
 */
template <typename container>
inline Slice<container> makeSliceFrom(container& cont, size_t begin) {
  return Slice<container>(cont, begin, cont.size());
}

/*!
 * @brief Return a new slice spanning until `end`.
 */
template <typename container>
inline Slice<container> makeSliceUntil(container& cont, size_t end) {
  return Slice<container>(cont, 0, end);
}

/*!
 * Overload of makeSliceUntil for pointer based slices.
 */
template <typename T>
inline Slice<T*> makeSliceUntil(T* ptr, size_t end) {
  return Slice<T*>(ptr, 0, end);
}

}  // namespace Exiv2

#endif /* EXIV2_INCLUDE_SLICE_HPP */